Osind tasarout gent g yan irisi sersen diks tighirdemt, doun sersen tichouchin g daw ouzrou, gen afoullous aflla n tdouli, amsnas i w gadir akhloul.

Allig d idda umkh’aar yazn afous s irisi ad yasi tasarout, teq’est tghirdemt, yawi taroula s ouzrou as iwt, yams tichouchin, yiri ad ihri afous ness d ougadir yams akhloul, ar yalla ira ay rour, igourd rif oufoullous l bart.

Iddo umkh’aar iggal; a tigmi n oubaw d l himz, our sar t i tekka!

I want to access a button (or any other component)  and change its enabled status to disable, for example.

My application MXML looks like

[code="xml"]

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<s:Application
xmlns:fx="http://ns.adobe.com/mxml/2009"
xmlns:mx="library://ns.adobe.com/flex/mx"
xmlns:s="library://ns.adobe.com/flex/spark">

<s:layout>
<s:BasicLayout/>
</s:layout>

<fx:Script>
<![CDATA[
import myClass;
protected function myButton_clickHandler(event:MouseEvent):void
{
myClass.myFunction(this);
}
]]>
</fx:Script>

<s:Button id="myButton" label="Click Me"
click="myButton_clickHandler(event)"/>
</s:Application>

[code]

and my external class looks like:

[code="as3"]

public class myClass
{
public static function myFunction(application:Object):void{

// disable the button
application.myButton.enabled = false;
}
}

[code]

this way you can access all the components of your mxml application.

you got to check this links;

http://www.slideshare.net/ronaldbradford/top-20-design-tips-for-mysql-data-architects-presentation

http://www.wsi-ebizsolutions.biz/blog/optimal-mysql-data-types/2010/01/

http://www.developwebsites.net/choose-optimal-mysql-data-type/

http://help.scibit.com/Mascon/masconMySQL_Field_Types.html

http://articles.techrepublic.com.com/5100-10878_11-5980073.html

German cases are four: the nominative case (subject of the sentence); the accusative case (the direct object); the dative case (the indirect object), and the genitive case (possessive).
Cases are not something strange to English, pronouns for example use a certain kind of cases, for example we say “he speaks”, and “give him” and not “give he”, did you see how “he” became “him” in the second example, well the same thing happens in German, the only difference is that in German it’s much more widely used, not only in pronouns, even nouns/ adjectives/ articles … use the same thing. The German case indicates the role of an element in a sentence

Nominativ (for subjects in a sentence; standard case)

The nominative case—in German and in English—is the subject of a sentence. The term nominative is from Latin and means to name (think of “nominate”).
In the examples below, the nominative word or expression is in red:

• Der Hund beißt den Mann. The dog bites the man.
• Dieser Gedanke ist blöd. This thought is stupid.
• Meine Mutter ist Architektin. My mother is an architect.

The nominative  is the easiest case in German and also the one dictionaries use as the standard form of nouns, adjectives, articles…and refers to the subject of the sentence. The teacher went to school, “The teacher” is the subject of the sentence, and therefore “The teacher” is nominative.

So it will take the nominative form in German, which is “Der Lehrer”.

Below is a table of some forms of Nominative, you will only know the difference when you will go through the 3 other cases (accusative, Dative, Genitive).

Definite Articles
Der, die, das, die (they all means the)

Indefinite Articles
Ein, Eine, Ein(they all mean a, an)

Personal Pronouns
Ich, du, er, sie, wir, ihr, sie. (I, you, he, she…)

Adjectives (masc., fem, neuter, plural)
Weißer, weiße, weißes, weiße (all these forms mean white)

Let’s get adjectives involved as well. I see the young teacher = ich sehe den jungen Lehrer. Young in German is jung, but since we’re using the accusative case, then the adjective should copy the article it follows, which is “den/ the” = masculine, so “den jungen”. If you look at the table above you will understand why we added “en” after the adjective “jung”.  Now let’s get personal pronouns involved. I see him = ich sehe ihn. Easy, isn’t it!

Akkusativ (for direct objects in a sentence)

All direct objects in a sentence have to be in the accusative case. Direct objects are defined as those nouns or names that are directly affected by the action described by a sentence’s verbs.
The accusative is only visible on masculine nouns. The definite article ‘der’ changes to ‘den’.
Thus, for feminine and neuter nouns, the accusative and nominative forms are identical.

In the following sentences, the subjects are highlighted in green (nominative), the direct objects are highlighted in red (accusative).

The accusative is also used, when using the preposition ‘in’ in connection with a noun describing a direction.

In the examples below, the accusative (direct object) word is in red:

• Der Hund beißt den Mann. The dog bites the man.
• Er beißt ihn. He (the dog) bites him (the man).
• Den Mann beißt der Hund. The dog bites the man.
• Beißt der Hund den Mann? Is the dog biting the man?
• Beißt den Mann der Hund? Is the dog biting the man?

The direct object (accusative) functions as the receiver of the action of a transitive verb. In the examples above, the man is acted upon by the dog, i.e., receives the action of the subject (“dog”).

The accusative case is considered the direct object. I see the teacher, “the teacher” is the direct object of the sentence, and therefore would take the accusative form, and since “the teacher” is masculine it will become in German “den Lehrer” and not “der Lehrer” as in the nominative case. I see the teacher = Ich sehe den Lehrer.

Definite Articles
Den, die, das, die (they all means the)

Indefinite Articles
Einen, Eine, Ein (they all mean a, an)

Personal Pronouns
mich, dich, ihn, sie, uns, euch, sie. (me, you, him, her…)

Adjectives (masc., fem, neuter, plural)
Weißen, weiße, weißes, weiße (all these forms mean white)

Let’s get adjectives involved as well. I see the young teacher = ich sehe den jungen Lehrer. Young in German is jung, but since we’re using the accusative case, then the adjective should copy the article it follows, which is “den/ the” = masculine, so “den jungen”. If you look at the table above you will understand why we added “en” after the adjective “jung”.  Now let’s get personal pronouns involved. I see him = ich sehe ihn. Easy, isn’t it!

Dativ (for indirect objects in a sentence)

Now things will get serious because the dative case is very important in German, the Dative in German is just like the indirect object in English, or in other words, it’s like the receiver of the direct object. Unlike the accusative, which only changes in the masculine gender, the dative changes in all genders and in the plural. The pronouns also change correspondingly.
The indirect object (dative) is usually the receiver of the direct object (accusative). In the first example below, the driver got the ticket. Often the dative can be translated with “to”-”the policeman gives the ticket to the driver.

• Der Polizist gibt dem Fahrer einen Strafzettel. The policeman is giving the driver a ticket.
• Ich danke Ihnen. I thank you.
• Wir machen das mit einem Computer. We do that with a computer.

So for example: I give the book to him, “I” is the subject of the sentence, “the book” is the direct object, and “him” is the receiver, therefore also called the indirect object, in which we’re interested when it comes to the dative case.

Definite Articles
Dem, der, dem, den (they all means to the)

Indefinite Articles
Einem, Einer, Einem (they all mean to a, to an)

Personal Pronouns
mir, dir, ihm, ihr, uns, euch, ihnen. (to me, to you, to him, to her…)

Adjectives (masc., fem, neuter, plural)
Weißen, weißen, weißen, weißen (all these forms mean to white)

Usually the equivalent of the dative case in English would include “to”, like our example above, I give the book to him, I send it to him, I show it to him… but in German that “to” is usually included in the expression used, for example “to him = ihm” “to the = dem” …so it’s not that complicated after all.

Genitiv (indicates possession)

The genitive case in German shows possession and is expressed in English by the possessive “of” or an apostrophe-s (‘s). The genitive is used more in written German than in spoken form. In spoken, everyday German, von plus the dative often replaces the genitive: Das Auto von meinem Bruder = My brother’s car.

• das Auto meines Bruders my brother‘s car (the car of my brother)
• die Bluse des Mädchens the girl‘s blouse (the blouse of the girl)
• der Titel des Filmes (Films) the title of the film

Finally we will learn the genitive in German. It’s not used as often as the other cases, but still has its own importance, because the genitive in German means possession, or in other words it means the expression “of…” or “’s”. The book of my teacher = das Buch meines Lehrers.

Note that nouns in the masculine and neuter take an “s” at the end, as in our example: The book of my teacher = das Buch meines Lehrers.

Feminine and plural nouns don’t take any “s” at the end. More detailed information would be in the German Nouns page. Also you can check out the adjectives and articles page to see how they form in different cases with some examples. Good luck!

Examples Table

———————————————————–

sources : speak7.com, about.com, nthuleen.com, babelnation.com

Most world languages have nouns that are either masculine or feminine. German, besides capitalizing  all nouns, goes them one better and adds a third gender: neuter. The masculine definite article (“the”) is der, feminine is die, and neuter is das. German-speakers just seem to know whether Wagen  (car) is der or die or das. (It’s der Wagen.) And they also know that the other German word for car is das Auto. But when referring to cars by brand name, it’s always der Ford, der VW or der Mercedes.

It’s not the actual person, place or thing that has gender in German, but the WORD that stands for the actual thing. That’s why a “car” can be either das Auto (neut.) or der Wagen (masc.).

Forget linking gender to a specific meaning or concept. Although nouns for people often follow natural gender, there are exceptions such as das Mädchen, girl. There are three different German words for “ocean” or “sea”—all a different gender: der Ozean, das Meer, die See! And gender does not transfer well from one language to another. The word for “sun” is masculine in Spanish (el sol) but feminine in German (die Sonne). A German moon is masculine (der Mond), while a Spanish moon is feminine (la luna). It’s enough to drive an English-speaker crazy!

General rule

When learning a German noun, always treat its article as an integral part of the word! Not Wasser, but das Wasser. Not Hund, but der Hund. However, it can be very helpful to know about the gender generalizations below.

The German Plural
One easy aspect of German nouns is the article used for noun plurals. All German nouns, regardless of gender, become die in the nominative and accusative plural. So a noun such as das Jahr (year) becomes die Jahre (years) in the plural. Sometimes the only way to recognize the plural form of a German noun is by the article: das Fenster (window) – die Fenster (windows).

Der (MÄNNLICH)

Always MASCULINE (der/ein):

* Days, months, and seasons:
Montag, Juli, Sommer (Monday, July, summer). The one exception is das Frühjahr, another word for der Frühling, spring.
* Points of the compass, map locations and winds:
Nordwest(en) (northwest), Süd(en) (south), der Föhn (warm wind out of the Alps), der Scirocco (sirocco, a hot desert wind).
* Precipitation:
Regen, Schnee, Nebel (rain, snow, fog/mist)
* Names of cars and trains:
der VW, der ICE, der Mercedes. (But motorbikes and aircraft are feminine.)
* Words ending in -ismus:
Journalismus, Kommunismus, Synchronismus (equal -ism words in English)
* Words ending in -ner:
Rentner, Schaffner, Zentner, Zöllner (pensioner, [train] conductor, hundred-weight, customs collector). The feminine form adds -in (die Rentnerin).
* The basic “atmospheric” elements that end in -stoff:
der Sauerstoff (oxygen), der Stickstoff (nitrogen), der Wasserstoff (hydrogen), plus carbon (der Kohlenstoff). The only other elements (out of 112) that are masculine are der Phosphor and der Schwefel (sulphur).
Note: All of the other chemical elements are neuter (das Aluminium, Blei, Kupfer, Uran, Zink, usw.).

Usually MASCULINE (der/ein):

* Agents (people who do something), most occupations and nationalities:
der Architekt, der Arzt, der Deutsche, der Fahrer, der Verkäufer, der Student, der Täter (architect, physician, German [person], driver, salesman, student, perpetrator). Note that the feminine form of these terms almost always ends in -in (die Architektin, die Ärztin, die Fahrerin, die Verkäuferin, die Studentin, Täterin, but die Deutsche).
* Nouns ending in -er, when referring to people (but die Jungfer, die Mutter, die Schwester, die Tochter, das Fenster)
* Names of alcoholic drinks:
der Wein, der Wodka (but das Bier)
* Names of mountains and lakes:
der Berg, der See (but Germany’s highest peak, die Zugspitze follows the rule for the feminine ending -e, and die See is the sea).
* Most rivers outside of Europe:
der Amazonas, der Kongo, der Mississippi (See World Rivers in German)
* Most nouns ending in -ich, -ling, -ist:
Rettich, Sittich, Schädling, Frühling, Pazifist (radish, parakeet, pest/parasite, spring, pacifist)

Die (WEIBLICH)

Always FEMININE (die/eine):

* Nouns ending in the following suffixes:
-heit, -keit, -tät, -ung, -schaft – Examples: die Freiheit, Schnelligkeit, Universität, Zeitung, Freundschaft (freedom, quickness, university, newspaper, friendship). Note that these suffixes usually have a corresponding English suffix, such as -ness (-heit, -keit), -ty (-tät), -ship (-schaft).
* Nouns ending in -ie:
Drogerie, Geographie, Komödie, Industrie, Ironie (often equal to words ending in -y in English)
* Names of aircraft, ships and motorbikes:
die Boeing 747, die Titanic, die BMW (motorbike only; the car is der BMW). The die comes from die Maschine, which can mean plane, motorbike and engine. – Helpful reminder: Ships are often referred to as “she” in English.
* Nouns ending in -ik:
die Grammatik, Grafik, Klinik, Musik, Panik, Physik
* Borrowed (foreign) nouns ending in:
-ade, -age, -anz, -enz, -ette, -ine, -ion, -tur: Parade, Blamage (shame), Bilanz, Distanz, Frequenz, Serviette (napkin), Limonade, Nation, Konjunktur (economic trend). Note: Such words often resemble their English equivalent. A rare -ade exception: der Nomade.
* Cardinal numbers:
eine Eins, eine Drei (a one, a three)

Usually FEMININE (die/eine):

* Nouns ending in -in that pertain to female people, occupations, nationalities:
Amerikanerin, Studentin (female American, student), but der Harlekin and also many non-people words: das Benzin, der Urin (gasoline/petrol, urine).
* Most nouns ending in -e:
Ecke, Ente, Grenze, Pistole, Seuche (corner, duck, border, pistol, epidemic), but der Deutsche, das Ensemble, der Friede, der Junge ([the] German, ensemble, peace, boy)
* Nouns ending in -ei:
Partei, Schweinerei (party [political], dirty trick/mess), but das Ei, der Papagei (egg, parrot).
* Most types of flowers and trees:
Birke, Chrysantheme, Eiche, Rose (birch, chrysanthemum, oak, rose), but der Ahorn, (maple), das Gänseblümchen (daisy), and the word for tree is der Baum
* Borrowed (foreign) nouns ending in -isse, -itis, -ive:
Hornisse, Initiative (hornet, initiative)

Das (SÄCHLICH)

Always NEUTER (das/ein):

* Nouns ending in -chen or -lein:
Fräulein, Häuschen, Kaninchen, Mädchen (unmarried woman, cottage, rabbit, girl/maiden)
* Infinitives used as nouns (gerunds):
das Essen, das Schreiben (eating/food, writing)
* Almost all of the 112 known chemical elements (das Aluminium, Blei, Kupfer, Uran, Zink, Zinn, Zirkonium, usw.) – except for six that are masculine:
der Kohlenstoff (carbon), der Sauerstoff (oxygen), der Stickstoff (nitrogen), der Wasserstoff (hydrogen), der Phosphor and der Schwefel (sulphur). Note: Most of the elements end in -ium, a das ending.
* Names of hotels, cafés and theaters
* Names of colors used as nouns:
das Blau, das Rot (blue, red)

Usually NEUTER (das/ein):

* Geographic place names (towns, countries, continents):
das Berlin, Deutschland, Brasilien, Afrika (but learn non-das countries, such as: der Irak, der Jemen, die Schweiz, die Türkei, die USA [plur.])
* Young animals and people:
das Baby, das Küken (chick); but der Junge (boy).
* Most metals:
Aluminium, Blei, Kupfer, Messing, Zinn (aluminium, lead, copper, brass, tin/pewter; but die Bronze, der Stahl – bronze, steel)
* Nouns ending in -o (often cognates from Latin):
das Auto, Büro, Kasino, Konto (account), Radio, Veto, Video – Note: Exceptions: die Avocado, die Disko, der Euro, der Scirocco, etc.
* Fractions:
das/ein Viertel (¼), das/ein Drittel (but die Hälfte, half)
* Most nouns starting with Ge-:
Genick, Gerät, Geschirr, Geschlecht, Gesetz, Gespräch (back of the neck, device, dishes, sex/gender, law, conversation), but there are many exceptions, such as der Gebrauch, der Gedanke, die Gefahr, der Gefallen, der Genuss, der Geschmack, der Gewinn, die Gebühr, die Geburt, die Geduld, die Gemeinde, die Geschichte, and others)
* Most borrowed (foreign) nouns ending in -ment:
Ressentiment, Supplement (but der Zement, der/das Moment [2 diff. meanings])
* Most nouns ending in -nis:
Versäumnis (neglect; but die Erlaubnis, die Erkenntnis, die Finsternis)
* Most nouns ending in -tum or -um: Christentum, Königtum (Christianity, kingship; but der Irrtum, der Reichtum – error, wealth)

Source : about.com

Wortschatz (Vocabulary)

• die allein erziehende Mutter (the single mother)
• Erdgeschoss (Ground floor)
• wahrscheinlich (Probably )
• Dachwohnung (Attic : roof of a house)
• im dritten Stock (On the third floor)
• weil die Großmutter mit eingezogen ist (Because the grandmother moved in with)
• Er nicht viel Besuch bekommt ( He does not get many visitors)
• Weil sie von ihrem Mann getrennt lebt (Because she lives separately from her husband)
  

• Bob, hast du Geschwister ?
• Ja, ich habe drei Brüder und zwei Schwestern. Und du?
• Ich habe nur einen Bruder. Und hast du eine Schwägerin?
• Ja, zwei. Nur zwei Brüder sind verheiratet.
• Wie viele Enkelkinder hast du?

Wortschatz (Vocabulary)

• Großvater /  Opa, Großmutter / Oma
• Eltern (parents)
• Vater
• Mutter
• Tante, Tanten (aunts)
• Schwager (Brother-in-law), Schwägerin, Schwiegervater
• Schwester, Geschwister (Siblings)
• Cousine
• Enkelkind (Grandchild)
• Nichte (Niece)
• Neffe (Nephew)